Basic Color Sensor:
Suppose you have a sensor that can see many different colors, such as aphotoresistor. How would you use this sensor to detect red apples vs. green apples? Well, consider brightness comparisons.
Red apples reflect red light but absorb green light. Green apples reflect green light but absorb red light.
If you shine a red light (such as from a red LED) on both apples, the red apple will reflect much more light than the green apple. As such, the apple that appears the brightest to your sensor will be the red apple. If you shine green light from a green LED on both apples, the green apple will appear the brightest.
Suppose you had some balls and you wanted your robot to tell the difference between the blue, green, yellow, and orange ball. How would you do this? Well, get a blue LED, a green LED, and a red LED. Then shine each onto the balls, one light at a time, and record the brightness values.
Obviously, the blue ball will read the highest brightness values when the blue LED is turned on, but very low values otherwise. The green and the yellow ball can be detected in a similar manner. So how do you tell the difference between the yellow and the orange ball? Well, the orange one is closer to red in the light spectrum, and as such will reflect more red light than the yellow one.
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